GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish growth from development.
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.

Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.
Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.
Detailed discussion.

Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 136  CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Epigeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.

Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hypogeal germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Brief discussion.
Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.
Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184
KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth of plants.
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.

Detailed discussion.
Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.
Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.

Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. PP. 147-148.

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
The concept of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Define Genetics.
Define variation.

Exposition and explanations.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

text book
Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199

GENETICS

Discontinuous variation.
Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous variation.
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.


Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

text book
Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
P 3.

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Expository approach.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7
KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

DNA replication.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition with explanations.

KLB BK IV. PP 11-12

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.
Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.
Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

text book
Beans of two different colours, beakers.

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15
KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.
Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24
KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33

GENETICS

Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 33-35

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.


Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.



Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.

text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45
KLB BK IV. PP 49-51

EVOLUTION

Evidence for organic evolution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite evidence for organic evolution.

Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 51-59

EVOLUTION

Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 59-63

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

EVOLUTION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Darwin?s theory of natural selection.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Expositions and explanations.
Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64
KLB BK IV. PP 67-72