Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Instruments used in drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify drawing instruments and equipment
- Describe the uses of drawing instruments
- Show interest in using drawing instruments properly

- Identify tools and instruments used in drawing from pictures
- Discuss how instruments are used in drawing
- Search for information on drawing instruments using digital devices
- Draw some instruments on paper

How do drawing instruments help us make accurate drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 18
- Drawing instruments (set squares, compasses, rulers)
- Digital devices
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Layout of a drawing environment
Plane Geometry - Constructing combined shapes
Plane Geometry - Use of plane geometry in drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify parts of a drawing environment
- Explain the layout of a drawing environment
- Appreciate the importance of proper drawing setup

- Search for information on drawing surface, margins, and title page
- Discuss the layout of a drawing environment
- Identify margins and title page on sample drawings
- Prepare drawing environment on a drawing sheet

Why is it important to set up a drawing environment before drawing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 20
- Drawing sheets
- Pencils and straight edges
- Sample drawings showing layout
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 23
- Drawing books
- Geometrical sets
- Compasses and rulers
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 26
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Career brochures

- Observation - Practical work - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning in drawing
Dimensioning - Linear and angular dimensioning
Dimensioning - Radial dimensioning and lines used for dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define dimensioning as used in drawing
- Identify types of dimensioning
- Show interest in learning about dimensioning

- Brainstorm on the meaning of dimensioning
- Study diagrams showing different types of dimensioning
- Identify linear, angular, radial, and arc dimensioning from examples
- Discuss differences between dimensioning types

Why is dimensioning important in technical drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 27
- Charts showing dimensioned drawings
- Digital devices
- Sample technical drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 28
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Sample dimensioned drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 30
- Drawing books
- Rulers and compasses
- Charts showing line types

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning straight lines
Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning circles and curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain rules for dimensioning straight lines
- Apply correct dimensioning rules
- Show precision in dimensioning work

- Study dimensioned drawings and identify dimensioning rules
- Discuss placement of dimension lines and text
- Search for dimensioning standards using digital devices
- Practice applying dimensioning rules on sample drawings

What rules must we follow when dimensioning technical drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 32
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Reference books on technical drawing
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 34
- Drawing instruments
- Compasses
- Sample drawings with circles

- Written tests - Practical work - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Forms of dimensioning (chain, parallel, combined)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify chain dimensioning
- Describe parallel dimensioning
- Explain combined dimensioning
- Appreciate different dimensioning forms

- Study drawings showing chain dimensioning
- Analyze examples of parallel dimensioning
- Discuss combined dimensioning approach
- Categorize dimensioning forms from sample drawings

What are the different ways of arranging dimensions on drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 36
- Charts showing dimensioning forms
- Drawing books
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written tests - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Entrepreneurship

Dimensioning - Dimensioning shapes in drawings
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Measure dimensions of shapes accurately
- Dimension shapes correctly using appropriate techniques
- Display quality work in portfolio

- Measure dimensions of given combined shapes
- Draw shapes to measured dimensions
- Dimension each drawing correctly following rules
- Display dimensioned drawings in portfolio for peer assessment

How do we dimension complex combined shapes?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 38
- Drawing equipment
- Rulers and measuring tools
- Drawing books
- Portfolio folders
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare statement of financial position
- List assets and capital with liabilities correctly
- Demonstrate accuracy in preparation

- Study preparation steps from Brian's example
- List assets on left side
- List capital and liabilities on right side
- Ensure both totals are equal
- Complete practice exercise for ABC Groceries
- Submit work for assessment

How do we prepare a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of pliers
Holding Tools - Types of clamps and vices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define holding tool
- Identify different types of pliers
- Describe features of pliers

- Discuss term 'holding tool'
- Take gallery walk to observe tools
- Pick and name different pliers
- Discuss features of each plier type

What are holding tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 113
- Pliers samples
- Visual aids
- Charts
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 114
- Clamp samples
- Vice samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of tongs and clips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of tongs
- Identify types of clips
- Appreciate variety of holding tools

- Study laboratory tongs and blacksmith tongs
- Examine paper clips, bulldog clips, cable clips
- Discuss specific uses of each
- Complete holding tools identification puzzle

What are the different types of clips used in workplaces?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 115
- Tong samples
- Clip samples
- Identification puzzles

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Selecting holding tools for tasks
Holding Tools - Selecting vices, tongs and clips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select appropriate pliers for task
- Select appropriate clamps for task
- Justify tool selection

- Visit workplace to observe tool selection
- Ask workers about suitable tools for tasks
- Study suited use of different pliers
- Study suited use of different clamps

How do we select the right holding tool for a task?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 117
- Tool selection guides
- Workplace examples
- Visual aids
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 119
- Tool samples
- Selection charts
- Task scenarios

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Using pliers and clamps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate proper use of pliers
- Demonstrate proper use of clamps
- Observe safety when using tools

- Learn steps for using pliers safely
- Practice opening and gripping with pliers
- Learn steps for using clamps
- Practice positioning and tightening clamps

How are pliers and clamps used safely?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 123
- Pliers
- Clamps
- Workpieces
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Using vices, tongs and clips
Holding Tools - Caring for holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate use of bench vice
- Demonstrate use of tongs and clips
- Practice safe handling procedures

- Learn steps for using bench vice
- Practice opening jaws and positioning work
- Learn steps for using tongs
- Practice using different types of clips

How do we use vices and tongs safely?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 124
- Bench vice
- Tongs
- Clips
- Workpieces
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 126
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage facilities

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of hammers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define driving tool
- Identify types of hammers
- Describe features of hammers

- Discuss term 'driving tool'
- Take gallery walk to observe hammers
- Study claw hammer, ball peen hammer, mason's hammer
- Examine sledge hammer

What are driving tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammer samples
- Visual aids
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of mallets, screwdrivers, spanners

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of mallets
- Identify types of screwdrivers
- Identify types of spanners

- Study wooden mallet and rubber mallet
- Examine flat head and star head screwdrivers
- Study open-end, ring, and adjustable spanners
- Complete driving tools identification puzzle

What are the different types of driving tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 134
- Mallet samples
- Screwdriver samples
- Spanner samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Punches and crowbars
Driving Tools - Selecting hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of punches
- Identify types of crowbars
- Appreciate variety of driving tools

- Study starting punch and pin punch
- Examine wrecking bar and flat bar
- Discuss specific uses of each
- Name other driving tools in workplace

How are punches and crowbars used?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 135
- Punch samples
- Crowbar samples
- Visual aids
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 136
- Tool selection guides
- Task scenarios

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Selecting screwdrivers and spanners

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select screwdriver by slot type and size
- Select appropriate spanner for task
- Consider grip and shank length

- Study factors for selecting screwdrivers
- Learn about slot configuration and sizes
- Study suited use of different spanners
- Practice matching tools to fasteners

What factors determine screwdriver and spanner selection?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 138
- Screwdriver samples
- Spanner samples
- Fastener samples

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Selecting punches and crowbars
Driving Tools - Using hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select appropriate punch for task
- Select appropriate crowbar for task
- Match tools to removal tasks

- Study use of starting punch
- Study use of pin punch
- Learn suited use of wrecking bar
- Study suited use of flat bar

When should punches and crowbars be used?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 140
- Tool samples
- Selection charts
- Task examples
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 142
- Hammers
- Mallets
- Nails, workpieces
- Safety equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using screwdrivers and spanners

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate correct use of screwdriver
- Demonstrate correct use of spanner
- Select correct size for fastener

- Match screwdriver types to screws
- Practice positioning and turning screwdriver
- Learn steps for using spanners
- Practice tightening and loosening fasteners

How do we use screwdrivers and spanners correctly?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 143
- Screwdrivers
- Spanners
- Screws, nuts, bolts

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Caring for driving tools
Project - Identifying problems in locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Clean driving tools properly
- Protect surfaces from rust
- Store tools safely

- Discuss maintenance of driving tools
- Practice cleaning and wiping tools
- Apply protective oil to surfaces
- Inspect tools for damage
- Practice proper storage

How should driving tools be maintained?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 147
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage toolbox
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Observation schedules
- Recording materials
- Community access

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting item to solve problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Brainstorm possible solutions
- Select most suitable item to make
- Justify selection decision

- Discuss possible items to solve problem
- Evaluate feasibility of each option
- Choose most suitable item
- Summarize key features of chosen item

How do we select the best solution?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Brainstorming materials
- Evaluation criteria
- Decision-making guides

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Portfolio

Tools and Production

Project - Designing the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss design of item
- Make freehand sketches
- Create labeled scale drawing

- Discuss design considerations
- Make freehand sketches of item
- Create accurate scale drawing
- Label all parts of design

How should we design our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Drawing paper
- Pencils, rulers
- Drawing instruments

- Practical assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Tools and Production

Project - Materials cost estimate
Project - Collecting materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- List materials needed
- Research material prices
- Prepare cost estimate table

- Discuss materials needed
- Visit shops to inquire about prices
- Record quantities and costs
- Prepare cost estimate table

How do we estimate project costs?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Price lists
- Calculation materials
- Computer (optional)
- Shopping lists
- Money for purchases
- Storage facilities

- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Portfolio

Tools and Production

Project - Preparing materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select appropriate tools
- Prepare materials safely
- Observe safety measures

- Select tools for material preparation
- Discuss safety measures
- Use tools to prepare materials
- Store prepared materials

How do we prepare materials for the project?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Appropriate tools
- Materials to prepare
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Project - Crafting the item (Part 1)
Project - Crafting the item (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Follow procedure for making item
- Select appropriate tools
- Begin crafting project

- Discuss procedure for making item
- Select appropriate tools
- Discuss safety measures
- Begin making item following procedure

How do we start making our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Selected tools
- Prepared materials
- Safety equipment
- Tools
- Materials
- Quality check guidelines

- Practical assessment - Observation - Progress check

Tools and Production

Project - Crafting the item (Part 3)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete crafting of item
- Document process with photos
- Write procedure report

- Complete making the item
- Take pictures/videos of process
- Write report explaining procedure
- Develop portfolio

How do we document our project work?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Tools
- Digital camera/phone
- Writing materials

- Practical assessment - Portfolio assessment - Report writing

Tools and Production

Project - Marketing the item (Part 1)
Project - Marketing the item (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Calculate cost of item made
- Determine selling price
- Prepare for display

- Discuss how to determine cost
- Calculate selling price
- Prepare item for display
- Plan presentation to forum

How do we price our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 156
- Calculators
- Pricing guidelines
- Display materials
- Display tables
- Completed items
- Camera/phone

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Donating or selling the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Donate project to community
- Sell project and use proceeds
- Appreciate project impact

- Donate project to affected people
- Sell project if appropriate
- Use money to help needy or fund school projects
- Reflect on project impact

How can our project help the community?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 156
- Completed project
- Community contacts
- Project documentation

- Observation - Reflection - Community feedback

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Identifying financial institutions
Financial Services - Classifying financial institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define financial institution
- Identify financial institutions in Kenya
- Appreciate diversity of financial services

- Discuss meaning of 'financial institution'
- Study illustration of people at financial institution
- Use print/digital media to search for institutions
- List financial institutions in Kenya

What are financial institutions?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Visual aids
- Reference materials
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 162
- Resource person
- Classification charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Services by Central Bank and commercial banks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain services of Central Bank
- Describe services of commercial banks
- Appreciate role of banking institutions

- Read case study on financial services
- Discuss services offered by Central Bank
- Study services by commercial banks
- Analyze services in case study

What services do banks offer?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 164
- Case study materials
- Service descriptions
- Visual aids

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Services by insurance, microfinance, SACCOs, AFC

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe insurance services
- Explain microfinance services
- Describe SACCO and AFC services

- Study services by insurance companies
- Learn about microfinance services
- Discuss SACCO services
- Study AFC services to farmers

What services do non-banking institutions offer?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 166
- Service descriptions
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement
Government and Business - More reasons for involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain term 'government involvement'
- Identify reasons for involvement
- Appreciate government's role

- Discuss meaning of government involvement
- Study reasons for involvement
- Use digital media to search for information
- Analyze government's role in business

Why does government get involved in business?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Visual aids showing reasons
- Reference materials
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 170
- Examples of protection
- Visual aids
- Case scenarios

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Ways of government involvement (infrastructure, licensing)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain infrastructure provision
- Describe business licensing
- Appreciate government support

- Engage resource person on involvement ways
- Study infrastructure improvement
- Learn about business permits and licenses
- Discuss reasons for licensing

How does government support businesses?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 172
- Resource person
- Business permit samples
- Visual aids

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Ways of involvement (training, regulations, standards)
Government and Business - Ways of involvement (trade promotion, taxation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain business training programs
- Describe regulations and laws
- Explain role of KEBS

- Study training through KNCCI
- Learn about laws and regulations
- Study role of KEBS in setting standards
- Discuss quality control measures

What regulations does government set for businesses?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 173
- KNCCI information
- KEBS materials
- Regulation examples
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 174
- Trade promotion examples
- KRA information
- Visual aids

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Types of taxes (income, VAT, corporate)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define tax
- Explain income tax
- Describe VAT and corporate tax

- Discuss meaning of 'tax'
- Use media to search tax information
- Visit business to learn about taxes
- Study income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What are the main types of taxes in Kenya?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Tax information materials
- Business examples

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Types of taxes (excise, import/export, stamp, rental)
Government and Business - e-Government services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain excise duty
- Describe import and export duties
- Explain stamp duty and rental tax

- Study excise duty on goods
- Learn about import and export duties
- Study stamp duty on property transfer
- Discuss rental income tax

What other types of taxes exist in Kenya?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 176
- Tax examples
- Visual aids
- Reference materials
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 177
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Need to comply with regulations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define compliance
- Explain reasons for compliance
- Appreciate importance of following regulations

- Discuss meaning of compliance
- Study reasons for compliance
- Discuss cost reduction through compliance
- Prepare speech on compliance need

Why must businesses comply with government regulations?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 178
- Compliance examples
- Speech preparation materials
- Visual aids

- Written assignments - Oral presentations - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define business plan
- Explain importance to entrepreneurs
- Appreciate need for planning

- Discuss meaning of 'business plan'
- Engage resource person on importance
- Use media to search for information
- Study reasons for business plans

Why is a business plan important?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 180
- Resource person
- Digital devices
- Business plan examples

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Components (executive summary, business description)
Business Plan - Components (product/service, market analysis, financial, marketing)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe executive summary
- Explain business description
- Identify key information needed

- Read case study on business plan
- Discuss executive summary content
- Study business description details
- Identify components in case study

What information goes in a business plan?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 181
- Case study materials
- Business plan templates
- Reference materials
- Business plan examples
- Component descriptions
- Visual aids

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Case study analysis

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Filling business plan template (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Understand business plan template
- Draw template in notebook
- Begin filling executive summary

- Brainstorm on business plan template
- Use media to search for templates
- Draw template in notebook
- Begin completing executive summary

How do we fill in a business plan?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 182
- Business plan templates
- Writing materials
- Sample business plans

- Practical assessment - Observation - Portfolio

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Filling business plan template (Part 2)
Business Plan - Filling business plan template (Part 3)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Complete business description
- Fill product and service section
- Complete market analysis

- Fill business description section
- Complete product/service details
- Identify competitors
- Complete competitor analysis

How do we analyze competitors in a business plan?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 183
- Template
- Business information
- Market research data
- Financial data
- Marketing strategies

- Practical assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Embracing use of business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain benefits of business planning
- Appreciate business plan importance
- Use business plans in entrepreneurship

- Prepare speech on business plan need
- Read speech in school forum
- Assist entrepreneurs with templates
- Discuss importance in entrepreneurship

Why should all entrepreneurs have a business plan?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 185
- Speech materials
- Blank templates
- Entrepreneur contacts

- Oral presentation - Observation - Community engagement