REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Detailed discussion.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process.
Implantation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP. 113-114 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.

Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.

Chart- The placenta.
text book
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. P. 115 CERTIFICATE PG 159
CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
122-123 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 123 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
To distinguish growth from development.
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.
Q/A: Aspects that occur during growth.
Detailed discussion of growth and development.
Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.

Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
text book

PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169
KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.
Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Shoots of known ages.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.
To identify structural differences between monocots and dicots.

Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.
Obtain longitudinal section of the seeds.
Identify structural differences of the specimens.
Carry out iodine tests.
Explain the observations.

Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.

KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Detailed discussion.

video

KLB BK III. P. 137 CERTIFICATE PG 188

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.
To describe hypogeal germination.
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.
Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing diagrams.
Brief discussion.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184
KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To determine the region of growth in a root.
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.
To describe secondary growth of plants.

Group experiments- Observe previously prepared specimens to determine regions of growth.
Discuss observations made.
Draw relevant diagrams.
Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.
Detailed discussion.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.
Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.

Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP.148-14.9 CERTIFICATE PG 194

GENETICS

The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Define discontinuous variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.

Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.
KLB BK IV.
P 3.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Causes of variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss causes of variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV.
P 4

GENETICS

The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.

KLB BK IV. PP 4-5.

GENETICS

Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Genes and DNA.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.

Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Expository approach.

Scissors,
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.
Chart- the double helix DNA.

KLB BK IV. PP 6-7
KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

DNA replication.
First law of heredity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.

Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 9-10

GENETICS

Monohybrid inheritance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.

Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 12-14

GENETICS

Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 14-15

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.

Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17
KLB BK IV. PP 19-20.

GENETICS

Inheritance of Rhesus factor.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.

Exposition;
Discussion.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 21-22

GENETICS

Determining unknown genotypes.
Sex determination in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.
Describe sex determination in man.

Exposition;
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 22-23

GENETICS

Sex-linked genes and traits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.

Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.

text book

KLB BK IV. PP 24-27

GENETICS

Non-disjunction.
Gene mutation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion.

Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion.

text book
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.

KLB BK IV. PP 30-33
KLB BK IV. PP 33-35

GENETICS

Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

chart

KLB BK IV. PP 35-38

GENETICS

Applications of genetics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.

text book,video

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45