ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.
Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.


Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

text book
Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66
KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.
Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.


To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.
Detailed discussion & Q/A.

topic related video
video of water pollution

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70
KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Detailed discussion, Q/A.

magazine

KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

CERTIFICATE PG  83
KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

ECOLOGY

Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

chart

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Detailed discussion.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.
To explain significance of mitosis.

Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.

Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.

Onion root tip.

Microscope

IM HCl

Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102
KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.
To explain significance of meiosis.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.
Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Exposition and discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Detailed discussion.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

text book

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151