ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51
KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.
Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.
Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.
Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.
Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.

text book
Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.
To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.
Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.
Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.
Detailed discussion & probing questions.
Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book
topic related video
video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.
Detailed discussion, Q/A.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.
Detailed discussion.
Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.
Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87
KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.
Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Exposition and discussion.
Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define fertilisation.

To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.
Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain formation of seeds.
To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Detailed discussion.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.
Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164
KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.

Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.

chart
text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. PP. 113-114 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 116 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.
Open discussion.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123