ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57
KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.
Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

charts
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.
Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.
Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

text book
Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.
To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.
Discussion punctuated with Q/A.
Detailed discussion & probing questions.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book
topic related video

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Detailed discussion, Q/A.
Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

magazine
Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83
KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bilharzia.
Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.
Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cell division.
Mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.
To describe the process of mitosis.

Detailed discussion.
Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

chart
charts

KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.
To explain significance of mitosis.

Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.

Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Explanations
Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Exposition and discussion.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.
To draw and label a flower.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.
Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

To explain formation of seeds.

Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

Detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.
KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.



Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Detailed discussion.

text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164
KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151