ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51
KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.
Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

charts
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.
To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.
Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.
Supervised Exercise.
Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.
Students construct biomass from given data.
Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.
Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.
Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

chart
text book
text book
Standard quadrats.

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.
Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.
Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.
To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.
Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.
Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68
KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution
text book

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Radioactive emissions.
Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy
Detailed discussion with probing questions.
Detailed discussion, Q/A.

text book
text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 72
KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.
Detailed discussion.
Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Detailed discussion.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.
To explain significance of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100
KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.
Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Exposition and discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.


Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Detailed discussion.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
Detailed discussion.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150