CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.
Identify the five animal kingdoms.
State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.
To identify organisms in pond water.

Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.
Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.
Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.
Teacher leads in a discussion.
Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.
Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3
KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.
To draw and label various fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.
Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.
Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.
Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.
Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.
To describe external features of a milipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.
Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19
KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.
Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.
Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.
Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY

Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.
To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Supervised exercise.
Written exercise.
Exercise review.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book
text book
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Detailed discussion.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.
Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.
To explain formation of seeds.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.
Detailed discussion.

chart
text book

KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Detailed discussion.
Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.
Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.
Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.
Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 104 
KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.
Drawing and labeling.
Detailed discussion.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Tabulate functional differences.

text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Discussion
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.
Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 
KLB BK III. PP.
122-123 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.
To explain the role of auxins in apical dominance.
To differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.
Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.
Probing questions leading to definition and explanation of apical dominance.
Q/A: Features of complete and incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
Exposition and explanations.

Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169