THE MOLE

Mole, molar mass and R.A.M.
Number of moles in a substance.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term mole as a quantity of measurement.
Relate the mole to R.A.M and molar mass.
Calculate number of moles in a given mass of a substance.

Discuss various analogies that lead to the definition of the mole.
Expose the meaning of R.A.M., Avogadro?s constant and molar mass.
Worked examples.
Supervised practice.

Chart- table of molar masses of elements.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 27-31
Longhorn
Book III
PP 34-35

THE MOLE

Relative molecular mass & Relative formula mass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative molecular mass.
Calculate RMM of a compound.

Q/A: - Review formulae of compounds.
Complete a table of compounds and their molecular / formula mass.

Calculators.

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 34-35

Longhorn Book III PP 44-60

THE MOLE

Moles and Avogadro?s number.
Empirical Formula.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate number of particles in a given number of moles.
Determine empirical formula of a compound given percentage composition by mass.

Review standard form of numbers.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.


Worked examples.
Supervised practice.

Assignment.

Calculators.
student book

K.L.B.BK III
PP. 3132
Longhorn
Book III
PP 30-31

K.L.B.
BK III P. 43

Longhorn Book III PP 66-71

THE MOLE

Molecular formula.
Concentration of a solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molecular formula of a compound.
Find molecular formula given percentage composition of a compound by mass.
Define concentration of a solution.
Find concentration of a solution in grams/litre and moles/litre.

Worked examples.
Supervised practice.
Q/A: - Equivalent ratios, e.g. 4g dissolved in 500cm? and
8g in 1 litre.
Worked examples on concentration of solutions.

Calculators.
chart

K.L.B.BK III
P. 45

Longhorn
Book III
PP 73-75

THE MOLE

Molarity of a solution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molarity of a solution.
Find molarity of a solution in M/dm?

Teacher explains that molarity of a solution is given in moles of the solute per litre.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 48-49

Longhorn
Book III
PP 76-81

THE MOLE

Preparation of molar solutions.
Calculators on molar solutions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define molar solutions.
Prepare molar solutions.
Solve numerical calculations on molar solutions.
Problems on molar solutions.

Q/A: - Description of preparation of molar solutions.
Worked examples.
Supervised exercise.
Assignment.

Volumetric flasks, teat droppers/wash bottle.
Sodium hydrogen pellets.
Weighing balance.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 50-51

Longhorn
Book III
PP 78-81

THE MOLE

Dilution of solutions.
Stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometric equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate molarity of a solution after dilution.
To determine mole ratio of given reactions.
To define a stoichiometric equation.

Group experiments.
Calculations.
Group experiments: - Determine masses, hence moles of reacting CuSO4 solution and iron metal.
To write stoichiometric equations of the above reactions.

student book
CuSO4 solution and iron metal.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 76-81
K.L.B. BK III
P. 56
Longhorn Book III PP 87-92

THE MOLE

Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To investigate and determine Stoichiometric equations of various reactions.

Class experiments.

Problem solving.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 62

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Hydrocarbons.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define organic Chemistry.
To define a hydrocarbon.
To identify groups of hydrocarbons.
To describe the carbon atom.

Discuss composition of the carbon atom; hence deduce number of valence electrons.
Exposition of new terms.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 92
Longhorn
Book III
P 135

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkanes.
To list sources of alkanes.
To state uses of different fractions of crude oil.
To define cracking of alkanes.

Expose various alkanes.
Discuss the biomass digester, fractional distillation of crude oil and uses of the fractions.
Discuss the cracking process.

Chart of biomass digester.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 93-94

Longhorn
Book III
PP 135-6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Naming Alkanes.
Members of Alkane series.
Isomerism in alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkanes.
To define a homologous series.
To name members of alkane series and identify their characteristics.
To draw the structures of alkane series.
To draw and name isomers of simple hydrocarbons.

Discussion and exposition of new concepts.

student book
Chart- structure of alkanes.
Models.

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 94-98
Longhorn
Book III
PP 136-139

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 101-102 Longhorn Book III
PP 141-2

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
Trend in physical properties of alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe laboratory preparation of a given alkane.
To state physical properties of the gases prepared.
To describe the trend in physical properties of alkanes.

Teacher demonstration.
Discussion.
Study a table of comparative properties of alkanes.
Make deductions from the table.

Sodium ethanoate, sodalime,
Pestle and mortar.
student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 103

Longhorn
Book III
PP 146

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Chemical properties of alkanes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chemical properties of alkanes.

Discussion
Examples of balanced equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 107
Longhorn
Book III
PP 148-9

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Substitution reactions involving alkanes. Uses of alkanes.
Alkenes. Molecular formulae of alkenes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe substitution reactions involving alkanes.
To list down uses of alkanes.
To write molecular formulae of alkenes.

Discussion
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanes.
Examine table of members of alkenes.
To identify members of alkene series.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
P. 108

Longhorn
Book III
PP 149-50

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Naming alkenes.
Alkene isomerism.
Preparing ethene in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To name various alkenes.
Differentiate between branching and positional isomerism.
To describe lab preparation of ethene.

Q/Q: Nomenclature in alkenes.
Compare alkenes; hence deduce names of various alkenes.

Discussion and drawing of molecular structures.
Teacher demonstration: - Carry out tests on ethene as students note down the observations in a table.

student book
student book
chart

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 110-113
Longhorn
Book III
PP 154-6

K.L.B. BK III
P. 113
Longhorn
Book III
PP 158-60

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Physical properties of ethene.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.

To discuss physical properties of ethene and other alkenes.

student book

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 116-117
Longhorn Book III
PP 126-129
165-6

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Chemical properties of ethene.
Alkenes and oxidizing agents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain halogenation and hydrogenation reactions.
To describe reactions of alkenes with oxidizing agents.

Discussion and drawing structures.
Review the double bonds in alkenes.
Review reduction process, oxidizing agent.
Discuss reactions of alkenes with conc. H2SO4, acidified potassium chromate.
Expose hydrolysis process.

charts

KLB BK III
PP. 118-119
Longhorn
Book III
PP 166-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Uses of alkenes & Topic review.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down uses of alkenes.

Teacher elucidates uses of alkenes.

Assignment.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 121 Longhorn Book
PP 170-1

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Alkynes. Nomenclature.
Isomerism in alkynes.
Physical properties of ethyne.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various alkynes.
To name and draw structures of alkynes.
To draw structure showing positional and branching isomerism.
To list down physical properties of ethyne.

Discuss a table of members of alkynes.
Review naming of alkanes and alkene and compare this with naming of alkynes.

Discussion and drawing structures.
Teacher demonstration: Preparation of ethyne.
Deduce properties of other alkynes.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
P. 122-123
Longhorn
Book III
PP 126-129 171-5

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 124-125
Longhorn
Book III
PP 176-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

Chemical properties of ethyne.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe combustion, halogenation and hydrogenation processes.

Discussion and writing of equations.

charts

K.L.B. BK III
PP. 127-129
Longhorn Book III
PP 180-184

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Tests for alkynes. Uses of alkynes.
Physical properties of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe tests for alkynes and state uses of alkynes.
Explain the physical properties of alkanols.

Discussion and explanations.
Assignment.
Comparative evaluation of physical properties of alkanols.
Q/A & discussion on variation in physical properties of alkanols.

charts
student book

K.L.B. BK III
P.130

Longhorn Book III
PP 180-84

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties of alkanols.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe some chemical reactions of alkanols.

Group experiments/ teacher demonstration to investigate combustion of ethanol and its reaction with metals.
Write corresponding chemical equations.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 213-5

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Esters and esterification.
Oxidation of ethanol. Uses of alkanols.
Alkanoic (Carboxylic Acids).

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of esters.
Describe the esterification process.

Explain oxidation of ethanol by an oxidizing agent.
State uses of alkanols.
Explain the effects of alcohol on human health
Identify the functional group of alkanoic (carboxylic) acids.
Explain formation of alkanoic acid molecule.

Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.

Assignment.
Q/A: review redox reactions, oxidizing and reducing agents.
Brief discussion: oxidation of ethanol using potassium (VII) manganate or potassium (VI) dichromate.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Open discussion.
Q/A: review functional group of alkanols.
Brief discussion.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 215-6
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 216-8

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Nomenclature of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name and draw the structure of simple alkanoic acids.

Guided discovery of the naming system for alkanoic acids.

Chart: homologous series of alkanoic acids.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 219-221

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Lab preparation of ethanoic acid.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of ethanoic acid.

Teacher demonstration: prepare ethanoic acid in the lab.

Brief discussion on preparation of ethanoic acid.

Concentrated H2SO4, potassium manganate
(VII) Crystals, water bath.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 221-223

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Physical properties of alkanoic acids.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain some physical properties of alkanoic acids.

Compare physical properties of some alkanoic acids.
Discuss the difference in physical properties among alkanoic acids.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 223-4

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Chemical properties & Uses of alkanoic acids.
Soap preparation in the lab.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain some chemical properties of alkanoic acids.
Write equations for chemical reactions involving acids.
State uses of alkanoic acids.
Describe soap preparation in the lab.

Group experiment: investigate some chemical properties of ethanoic acid.
Carry out tests and record observations in a table.
Review and discuss the observations above.
Write corresponding chemical equations.
Teacher elucidates uses of alkanoic acids.
Group experiments,
Answer questions based on the experiments already carried out.

Ethanoic acid, universal indicator, sodium carbonate, magnesium strip, ethanol, conc. H2SO4 and sodium hydroxide.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 224-5
K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 225-7

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Cleaning action of soap.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nature of a soap molecule.
Explain the mode of action in cleaning.

Expository and descriptive approaches.
Answer oral questions.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 230-232

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Effects of hard / soft water on soap.
Soapless detergents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.
Prepare soapless detergents in the lab.
State merits of soapless detergents over soaps.

Group experiments: form soap lather in different solutions.
Deduce the effects of hard/ soft water on soap.
Teacher demonsration.
Brief discussion.

Distilled water, tap water, rainwater, sodium chloride solution.
Calcium nitrate, Zinc Sulphate, etc.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 232-235

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II (ALKANES & ALKANOIC ACIDS)

Polymers and polymerization.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concepts additional and condensation polymerization as methods of making synthetic polymers.
Identify some products of polymerization.
State merits and demerits of synthetic polymers over natural materials.

Teacher exposes and explains new concepts.

Detailed discussion.

Assignment.

student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 238-242

RADIOACTIVITY

Definition of radioactivity.
Alpha particles.
Equations involving alpha particles.
Beta particles. Gamma rays.
Radioactive Half-Life.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define radioactivity, a nuclide and radioactive decay.
Differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.
State properties of alpha particles.
Describe methods of detecting alpha particles.
Write down and balance equations involving alpha particles.
State properties of beta particles.
Define isotopes and isobars.
Write down balanced equations involving both alpha and beta particles.
State properties of gamma rays.
Define the term radioactive half-life. Solve problems relating to half ?life

Q/A: Review the atomic structure.
Exposition: symbolic representation of an atom / nucleus.
Exposition: meaning of radioactivity and radioactive decay.
Discussion: artificial and natural radioactivity.

Q/A: position of helium in the periodic table.
Expository approach:
Q/A: Review atomic and mass numbers.
Examples of balanced equations.
Supervised practice.
Q/A: Review isotopes.
Expository approach: teacher briefly exposes new concepts.
Examples of equations.
Supervised practice.
Assignment.
Teacher demonstration: Dice experiment.
Exposition of the term half-life.
Worked examples.
Written exercise

student book
student book
Dice.

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 249-251
K.L.B. BK IV
Page 257

RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactive decay curve.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Applications of radioactivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot a radioactive decay curve to deduce the
half ?life from the curve.
Differentiate between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Describe applications of radioactivity.

Drawing a radioactive decay curve inferring the half-life of the sample from the graph.
Exposition of new concepts accompanied by nuclear equations.
Brief discussion: Carbon dating, detecting leakage, medication, agriculture, industry; effect of static charges, etc.

Graph papers.
student book

K.L.B. BK IV
Pages 254-5