GENETICS

The concept of variation.
Discontinuous variation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Genetics.
Define variation.
Define discontinuous variation.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions on some variations in human beings.
Observe some variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, finger prints, students? heights, etc.
Discussion on the concept of variation.
Observe some discontinuous variations in human beings such as tongue rolling, sex, blood groups, etc.
Discussion on the concept of discontinuous variation.

Ink pad, hand lenses, white paper.
text book

KLB BK IV.
PP 1-2.

GENETICS

Continuous variation.
Causes of variation.
The chromosome.
Chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define continuous variation.
Give examples of characteristics that show continuous variation.
Discuss causes of variation.
Describe the structure of chromosomes.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during mitosis.
Describe chromosomal behaviour during meiosis.

Class activity ; students measure and record their heights;
Plotting of frequency-height graph;
Analyzing the graph;
Discussion with probing questions.
Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Teacher demonstrations;
Drawing diagrams;
Detailed discussion.

Metre rules/ tape measure,
Graph papers
text book
Scissors,
Manilla papers, thread, cellotape.
Manilla papers, threads, cellotape.

KLB BK IV.
PP 3-4

GENETICS

Genes and DNA.
DNA replication.
First law of heredity.
Monohybrid inheritance.
Genetic crosses using a punnet square.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of genes and DNA.
Identify the role of DNA.
Describe DNA replication.
Explain the role of DNA in protein synthesis.
Describe Mendel?s experiments.
State Mendel?s first law.
Define monohybrid inheritance.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Draw diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Show fusion of gametes using a punnet square.

Expository approach.
Exposition;
Drawing mRNA strands.
Exposition with explanations.
Q/A to review Mendel?s first law.
Drawing diagrams to show genetic crosses.
Discussion with probing questions.
Completing a punnet square;
Brief discussion.

Chart- the double helix DNA.
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 7-8

GENETICS

Ratios of phenotypes and genotypes.
Incomplete dominance.
Inheritance of ABO blood groups.
Inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Determining unknown genotypes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of probability in inheritance of characteristics.
Cite examples of incomplete dominance.
Illustrate incomplete dominance with diagrams.
Illustrate inheritance of blood groups with diagrams.
Describe inheritance of Rhesus factor.
Determine unknown genotypes using test crosses and selfing crosses.

Q/A to review phenotypes and genotypes.
Simple experiments on probability.
Discussion.
Exposition;
Discussion;
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing diagrams;
Supervised practice on inheritance of blood groups.
Probing questions;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;

Beans of two different colours, beakers.
chart
text book

KLB BK IV. PP 15-17

GENETICS

Sex determination in man.
Sex-linked genes and traits.
Non-disjunction.
Gene mutation.
Disorders due to gene mutations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in man.
Identify sex-linked traits in man.
Illustrate inheritance of sex-linked traits with diagrams.
Explain effects of non-disjunction as a chromosomal abnormality.
Differentiate between chromosomal and gene mutation.
Identify types of gene mutation.
Illustrate genetic disorders with diagrams.

Exposition;
Drawing illustrative diagrams;
Discussion.
Probing questions;
Exposition of new concepts;
Q/A to review types of chromosomal mutation;
Using sequence models to show chromosomal mutations.
Discussion on albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

text book
Models to show Chromosomal mutations.
chart

KLB BK IV. PP 23-24

GENETICS
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION

Applications of genetics.
Meaning of evolution. Theories of origin of life.
Evidence for organic evolution.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures.
Comparative anatomy and homologous structures. (contd)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify areas of practical application of genetics.
Define evolution.
Explain the theories of life.
Cite evidence for organic evolution.
Define divergent evolution.
Give examples of homologous structures.

Probing questions;
Open discussion;
Topic review.
Brain storming;
Q/A on creation theory;
Exposition of chemical theory.
Exposition;
Discussion.
Examine forelimbs of vertebrates;
Discuss adaptations and use of the limbs.

text book,video
text book
Forelimbs of vertebrates.

KLB BK IV. PP 39-45

EVOLUTION
RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Convergent evolution and analogous structures.
Convergent evolution and analogous structures.(contd)
Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Meaning of stimulus, response and irritability. Tactic responses.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define convergent evolution.
Give examples of analogous structures.
Give examples of vestigial structures.
Explain Larmack?s theory of evolution.
Explain Darwin?s theory of natural selection.
Cite examples of natural selection in action.
Define of stimulus, response and irritability.
Explain the need for sensitivity and response.
Identify types of tactics responses.

Examine wings of insects; wings of birds / bat.
Discuss observations.
Expositions and explanations.
Expositions and explanations;
Probing questions;
Topic review.
Brain storming;
Exposition;
Group experiments-chemotaxis in termites;
Discussion.

Wings of insects, wings of birds / bat.
text book
Brad crumbs, termites, dry sand, moth balls.

KLB BK IV. PP 63-64

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Tropism and types of tropism.
Nastic responses.
Role of auxins in tropisms.
Response and Co-ordination in animals. The nervous system.
Types of neurons. The brain.
Reflex actions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of tropism.
State differences between tropisms and taxes.
Identify types of nastic responses
Explain the role of auxins in tropisms.
State components of the nervous system.
Describe the structure of nerve cells.
Identify types of neurons.
Describe structure of the human brain.
Differentiate between simple and conditioned reflex actions.

Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity;
Probing questions and discussion.
Q/A and discussion.
Examine previous plant set ?ups on response to light, gravity; contact;
Descriptive and expository approaches.
Illustrate a simple reflex arc.
Probing questions on differences between simple and conditioned reflex actions.

Seedlings, klinostat, corked beaker.
text book
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 74-78

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION

Transmission of a nerve impulse.
The endocrine system.
The mammalian eye.
Accommodation of the eye.
Defects of vision and their correction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the transmission of a nerve impulse.
Identify components of endocrine system.
Compare endocrine system. With nervous system.
Identify major parts of the human eye.
Explain image formation and interpretation in the eye.
Explain the role of ciliary muscles in accommodation of the eye.
Identify defects of vision.
Explain correction of vision defects.

Descriptive and expository approaches.
Discussion; tabulate the differences.
Brain storming;
Discussion with probing questions.
Discussion with probing questions,
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Detailed discussion with probing questions;

Illustrative diagrams.
Chart- the human eye.
Chart- focusing far and near points.

KLB BK IV. PP 90-93

RECEPTION, RESPONSE & CO-ORDINATION
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The human ear.
Hearing.
Body balance and posture.
Defects of the ear.
Importance of support and movement in plants.
Arrangement of tissues in a monocotyledonous stem.
Arrangement of tissues in a dicotyledonous stem.
Stem tissues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of the human ear.
Explain how the ear perceives sound.
Explain how the ear maintains body balance and posture.
Identify some defects of the ear.
Explain the importance of support and movement in plants.
Draw and label a transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem.
Draw and label a transverse section of herbaceous and woody stems.
Identify some stem tissues.
Explain the role of stem tissues.

Descriptive and expository approaches.
Drawn diagrams.
Brain storming;
Probing questions;
Discussion.
Examine transverse section of a monocotyledonous stem.
Examine transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem, herbaceous and woody stems.
Drawing and labeling diagrams;

Illustrative diagrams.
text book
Monocotyledo-nous stem, eg. tradescantia, microscope,
Razors.
Herbaceous stem, microscope, slides,

KLB BK IV. PP 104-5

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wilting in plants.
The exoskeleton.
The endoskeleton.
Locomotory features of a finned fish.
Locomotion in a finned fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare the rate of wilting of herbaceous and woody stems.
Account for difference in rate of water loss.

Describe the structure of the exoskeleton.
Describe the structure of the endoskeleton.
Identify the locomotory features of a finned fish.
Explain how locomotion occurs in a finned fish.
Explain how a fish is adapted to locomotion in its habitat.

Uproot herbaceous and woody plants;
Observe tem for about 30 min;
Brief discussion.
Examine movement of a live arthropod;
Observe muscles of the hind limb of a grasshopper;
Relate the observations to the function of the exoskeleton.
Observe skeleton of a vertebrate;
Compare it with an exoskeleton.
Discuss the contrasting features.
Observe external features of a tilapia.
Drawing and labeling;
Discussion.
Review external features of a tilapia.
Detailed discussion.

A live arthropod,
E.g. grasshopper, millipede.
The human skeleton.
A freshly killed tilapi
A freshly killed tilapia.

KLB BK IV. P 116

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Tail power of a fish.
Support and movement in mammals. The skull and rib cage.
The vertebral column. Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
The sacral and caudal vertebrae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate the tail power of a fish.
Describe the structure of the skull and rib cage.

Describe the features of the vertebral column.
Identify types of vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of cervical and thoracic vertebrae to their functions.
Explain adaptations of Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to their functions.
Describe the features of the sacral and caudal vertebrae.
Explain adaptations of sacral and caudal vertebrae to their functions.

Measure length of tail, length of a tilapia fish.
Calculations.
Discussion on significance of tail power in locomotion.
Observe the human skull and rib cage of a rat / rabbit.
Detailed discussion.
Examine cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Examine thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Draw labeled diagrams;
Brief discussion.
Examine sacral and caudal vertebrae.

A freshly killed tilapia.
Human skull, rib cage of rat / rabbit.
Cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Sacral and caudal vertebrae.

KLB BK IV. PP 118-9

SUPPORT & MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The appendicular skeleton.
Fore limb.
Hind limb.
Movable joints.
Ball and socket joint.
The hinge joint. Movement of a joint.
Skeletal muscles.
Smooth or visceral muscles.
Cardiac muscles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the features of the appendicular skeleton.
Identify bones of the fore limb.
Identify bones of the hind limb.
Identify features of movable joints.
Identify features of ball and socket joint.
Identify features of hinge joint.
Describe movement of a joint.
Describe features of skeletal muscles.
Describe features of smooth muscles.

Examine the appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.
Brief discussion..
Examine bones if the fore limb;
Drawing labeled diagrams;
Discussion.
Examine bones if the hind limb;
Examine the synovial joint.
Brief discussion.
Examine the synovial joint.
Discuss observations.
Examine a hinge joint.
Observe movement of the fore arm;
Examine diagrams of skeletal muscles;
Examine diagrams of smooth muscles;
Brief discussion;
Topic review.

Appendicular skeleton of a rabbit /sheep.
Bones of the fore limb.
Bones of the hind limb.
Synovial joint model.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK IV. PP 124-5