SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.

Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Various carbonates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS

Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.
Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.
Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113

SALTS

Uses of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.

K.L.B. BOOK II

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.
Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.
To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.
Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Application of electrolysis.
Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state application of electrolysis.
To describe electroplating process.

Discussion and explanations.
Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

text book
Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 128

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.
Reduction properties of carbon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
State uses of carbon allotropes.
Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Discuss physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Explain the Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Discuss uses of carbon allotropes.
Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.
Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.
CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 134
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Conc. HNO3, limewater.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of CO2

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO2.

Discuss the observations.

Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.138-139

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2
To describe preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.
Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.
Make observations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 142-143

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
To write chemical equations for reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.

Description of properties of carbon monoxide.
Discussion and writing of chemical equations.
Discuss the observations above.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 144-145

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.
Write relevant equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 153-157

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.
Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158