SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Solubility of bases in water.
Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.


Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.
CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95
K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.
Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.
Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.

Various carbonates.
Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111

SALTS

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

SALTS
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Uses of salts.
Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.
Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.
To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.
To state application of electrolysis.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.
Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Electroplating.
Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electroplating process.
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.
Describe physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
State uses of carbon allotropes.

Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.


Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.
Discuss physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Explain the Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon.
Discuss uses of carbon allotropes.

Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.
text book
Charcoal, graphite.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Burning carbon and oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.

Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.

Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.
Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation
Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.
Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of CO2.
Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of CO2
Write balanced CO2.

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO2.

Discuss the observations.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.138-139
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab
To describe chemical properties of carbon monoxide.

Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.
Make observations.
Description of properties of carbon monoxide.
Discussion and writing of chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 142-143

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write chemical equations for reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss the observations above.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.
Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.
Discuss each step of the process.
Write relevant equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 153-157

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158