CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Principles of classification of living organisms.
Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.
Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.
Introduction
Cell division.
Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.
Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.
Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.
Identify the five animal kingdoms.
State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.
To identify organisms in pond water.
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.
To draw and label various fungi.
State general characteristics of plants.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of a centipede.
To describe external features of a milipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.
To describe external features of common insects.
To identify general characteristics of chordates.
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of aves.
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.
To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.
To interpret food webs.
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.
To describe the process of mitosis.
To describe an experiment to show mitosis in a young root tip.
To explain significance of mitosis.
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To identify various stages of meiosis.
To explain significance of meiosis.
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.
To draw and label a flower.
To explain terms related to flowers.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.
To define fertilisation.
To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.
To explain formation of seeds.
To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.
To classify fruits using specific criteria.
To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.
To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.
To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.
To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.
To explain the male reproduction system.
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.
To explain the fertilisation process.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.
To explain the role of oxytocin in milk let down.
To draw and label mammary glands.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Q/A: To review Classification I.
Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.
Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.
Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.
Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.
Teacher leads in a discussion.
Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.
Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.
Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.
Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.
Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.
Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.
Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.
Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.
Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.
Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.
Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.
Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.
Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.
Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.
Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.
Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.
Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.
Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.
Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.
Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.
Supervised exercise.
Written exercise.
Exercise review.
Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.
Teacher exposes new concepts.
Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.
Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c
Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.
Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.
Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.
Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.
Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.
Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.
Group experiments: Observing different stages of mitosis. Drawing cells showing stages of mitosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Explanations
Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Exposition and discussion.
Drawing diagrams/ discussion.
Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.
Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.
Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Exposition and detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.
Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.
Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.
Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.
Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.
Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.
Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.
Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.
Drawing and labeling.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing and labelling.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.
Discussion
Drawing diagrams.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.
Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Tabulate functional differences.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.
Drawing and labelling mammary glands.
Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Edible mushroom.
Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.
Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.
Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.
Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
charts
Onion root tip.
IM HCl
Cover slides.
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.
Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
Strands of eggs of frogs.
Wall charts-Reproduction system.
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
Chart- The placenta.
Wall- charts mammary glands.
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1