Materials for Production

Wood - Classification according to physical characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood as softwood or hardwood
- Identify physical characteristics of different wood types
- Show interest in learning about wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take a walk around school/community to identify trees
- Observe physical characteristics of each tree
- Use checklist to sort wood as softwood or hardwood
- Use print or digital media to search for types of wood

What are the types of wood available?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Wood samples
- Checklist
- Pictures of trees

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain characteristics of softwood and hardwood
- Give examples of softwood and hardwood trees
- Appreciate the diversity of wood types

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss physical characteristics of softwood (narrow leaves, light bark, evergreen)
- Discuss physical characteristics of hardwood (broad leaves, dark bark, deciduous)
- Give examples of each type
- Create comparison chart

How do softwood and hardwood differ?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Wood samples
- Pictures of trees
- Comparison chart
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Charts - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion
Wood - Preparation: Conversion methods
Wood - Preparation: Seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe methods of wood conversion
- Show interest in wood preparation processes
- Explain the meaning of wood seasoning
- Describe methods of wood seasoning
- Appreciate the importance of seasoning wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a sawmill to observe wood conversion process
- Discuss the process of converting logs into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for conversion methods
- Study plain sawing and quarter sawing methods
- Study images showing wood seasoning methods
- Discuss natural/air seasoning method
- Discuss artificial/kiln seasoning method
- Learn objectives of timber seasoning

Why are logs converted into timber?
How is wood seasoned?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Pictures of sawmills
- Diagrams showing conversion methods
- Video clips
- Drawing paper
- Diagrams of conversion
- Wood samples showing different cuts
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of air seasoning
- Pictures of kiln
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Seasoning methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare natural and artificial seasoning
- Explain why wood needs to be seasoned
- Show understanding of wood preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss advantages of each seasoning method
- Learn how moisture is reduced in timber
- Study differences between air and kiln seasoning
- Visit relevant work environment to observe seasoning

Why is it necessary to season wood?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Comparison chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures of seasoning facilities
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Field observation - Charts

Materials for Production

Wood - Types and their uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate types of wood to their uses
- Explain uses of wood in different trades
- Value the importance of wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on uses of wood in the community
- Match wood types to their uses
- Study pictures showing items made of wood
- Discuss best wood types for different purposes

What are the uses of wood in the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of wood products
- Wood samples
- Matching activity cards
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses in various trades
Wood - Importance in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of wood in construction, furniture making, and other trades
- Create charts matching wood to uses
- Appreciate versatility of wood
- Explain importance of wood in daily life
- Discuss wood as renewable resource
- Show commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to find uses of wood in trades
- Visit locality to explore uses of wood
- Discuss wood in construction, furniture, music, sports
- Create photomontage or chart showing uses
- Name wooden items in environment
- Discuss importance of wood (fuel source, building material, decoration)
- Learn about carbon storage in wood
- Discuss sustainable use of wood

How is wood used in different trades?
Why is wood important in our daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Pictures from magazines
- Glue and scissors
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Wooden items
- Digital devices
- Environmental conservation posters
- Reference materials

- Charts/posters - Oral presentations - Written tests - Creativity assessment
- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Environmental awareness

Materials for Production

Wood - Review and assessment
Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood and explain preparation methods
- Relate wood types to their uses
- Demonstrate understanding of wood as material

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete crossword puzzle on wood
- Review key concepts on wood
- Discuss case scenarios on wood selection
- Reflect on learning progress

How is wood classified, prepared and used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Wood samples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Types of waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe plastic, wood, glass, metal, electronic and construction waste
- Explain characteristics of each waste type
- Appreciate the need for proper waste management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify waste materials in pictures (plastic, glass, metal, wood, electronic, construction)
- Discuss characteristics of each waste type
- Mention areas where each waste type is found
- Group waste materials by type

What are the types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Classification activity - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling
Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe ways of handling waste materials
- Explain reusing, recycling and composting
- Show commitment to proper waste handling
- Explain reusing waste materials
- Explain recycling waste materials
- Value waste as a resource

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for safe handling methods
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, burn)
- Study pictures showing waste handling methods
- Read instructions on handling hazardous waste
- Discuss examples of reusing waste (tins for storage, newspapers for wrapping)
- Discuss examples of recycling (paper to tissue, glass to bottles, iron to steel)
- Study pictures showing reused and recycled items
- Practice sorting waste for recycling

How should waste materials be handled safely?
How can waste materials be reused and recycled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussions
- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Project

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain composting organic waste
- Describe proper burning of waste
- Show understanding of waste reduction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about composting wood and organic waste into fertilizer
- Discuss safe burning of waste at high temperatures
- Discuss reducing waste by using resources efficiently
- Visit locality to observe waste handling practices

What are other methods of handling waste?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely
Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Practice safe disposal of waste materials
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Value cleanliness and environmental health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect waste materials from school compound wearing PPE
- Sort waste appropriately
- Dispose waste properly under teacher guidance
- Wash hands thoroughly after activity

How do you safely dispose of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Safety compliance

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Handling waste materials - Review and assessment
Holding tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify and classify waste materials
- Explain safe handling and disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste management
- Identify holding tools used in daily life
- Describe uses of different holding tools
- Show interest in learning about tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review key concepts on waste materials
- Complete assessment activities
- Discuss case scenarios on waste management
- Reflect on learning progress
- Study pictures of holding tools (pliers, clamps, tongs, clips, vice)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Draw and name holding tools
- Mention where tools are found in locality

How should waste materials be handled in the environment?
What are holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment
- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select holding tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of different types of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study scenarios requiring different holding tools
- Explain reasons for tool selection

How do you select the right holding tool for a task?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical selection - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of pliers, clamps, tongs, clips and vice
- Demonstrate understanding of tool applications
- Appreciate the importance of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing people using holding tools
- Discuss uses of different holding tools
- Watch video on use of holding tools
- Fill table matching tools to uses

What are the uses of different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding tools - Practical use
Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools
- Use clips to hold drawing paper
- Use pliers to hold and twist wire
- Show competence in using holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools
- Practice using clips on drawing board
- Use pliers to twist wire into different shapes
- Use clamp to hold wood or metal on surface
- Perform tasks with appropriate holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?
How do you use different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist
- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of holding tools
- Complete word search on holding tools
- Demonstrate competence in tool use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of holding tools in daily life
- Share experiences on using holding tools
- Complete word search activity
- Review key concepts and assess learning

Why are holding tools important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist

- Written tests - Word search - Self-reflection - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Tools used in daily life
Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools
- Select driving tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found
- Study flashcards with tasks requiring driving tools
- Choose appropriate driving tool for each task
- Give reasons for tool selection
- Discuss nature of task and user safety

What are driving tools?
How do you select the right driving tool?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification
- Oral questions - Written tests - Task analysis - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of hammers, mallets and screwdrivers
- Describe when to use each tool
- Appreciate variety of driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing use of driving tools
- Discuss uses of hammers (driving nails, pulling nails)
- Discuss uses of mallets (driving wooden workpieces)
- Discuss uses of screwdrivers (loosening/tightening screws)

What are the uses of different driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Table completion

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued
Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use
Driving tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use hammer to drive nails
- Use mallet to drive dowels
- Show competence in using driving tools
- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice using hammer to repair furniture
- Use mallet to drive dowels into wood pieces
- Use mallet to drive chisel while making mortise
- Observe safety precautions
- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use hammers and mallets?
How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Safety checklist
- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Clean and maintain driving tools
- Store tools properly
- Appreciate importance of tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care
- Clean residue from driving tools
- Check for loose parts and tighten them
- Store tools properly after use

How should driving tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of driving tools
- Complete crossword puzzle on tools
- Demonstrate understanding of driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of driving tools in daily life
- Complete crossword puzzle activity
- Review key concepts on driving tools
- Reflect on learning progress

Why are driving tools important in daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Driving tools

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Financial institutions in Kenya
Financial services - Classification of financial institutions
Financial services - Services offered

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial services
- Explain services offered by banks
- Describe banking services
- Value financial literacy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study diagram showing types of financial institutions
- Identify examples of each type
- Name financial institutions in locality
- Use print or digital media to search for information
- Search for information on services offered by banks
- Study case study on Mr. Mwakazi and his wife
- Discuss deposit acceptance, loans, money transfer
- Learn about investment and foreign exchange services

What are financial institutions?
What services do banks offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Pictures of banks and SACCOs
- Financial institution brochures
- Reference materials
- Classification chart
- Examples of institutions
- Comparison table
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Bank brochures
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - List completion
- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Services by other institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain services offered by insurance companies, micro-finance institutions and SACCOs
- Compare services of different institutions
- Appreciate diversity of financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss services offered by insurance companies
- Learn about micro-finance services
- Discuss SACCO services
- Create presentation on financial services

What services do different financial institutions offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Presentation materials
- Service comparison chart
- Manila paper

- Presentations - Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison charts

Government and business

Reasons for government involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Ways of involvement
Government and business - Training and development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ways government gets involved in business
- Explain regulations, licensing and quality standards
- Value government oversight
- Explain government provision of training
- Discuss promotion of trade and economic development
- Appreciate government support for businesses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing government closing businesses
- Discuss regulations imposed on businesses
- Learn about licensing requirements
- Discuss quality standards enforcement
- Learn about government training institutions
- Discuss how government promotes trade
- Study provision of subsidies and incentives
- Learn about protection of local industries

How does government get involved in business?
How does government support business development?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures showing enforcement
- Licensing examples
- Quality standards documents
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Examples of training institutions
- Trade policy documents
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case discussions - Observation
- Written tests - Oral questions - Discussions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes
Government and business - Types of taxes continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Identify types of taxes in Kenya
- Value tax payment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of public facilities
- Discuss meaning and importance of paying taxes
- Search for information on types of taxes
- Learn about income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What is tax and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital devices
- Tax information materials
- Reference materials
- Tax rate information
- Word search puzzles
- KRA materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Research notes

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - e-Government services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain meaning of e-Government services
- Identify e-Government platforms
- Appreciate digital government services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and analyze case study on e-Citizen
- Discuss e-Government services in business
- Learn about business registration and licensing online
- Discuss benefits of e-Government

What are e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- E-Government platform access
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Accessing e-Government
Government and business - Review and compliance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Access e-Government platforms
- Navigate e-Citizen and other platforms
- Show digital literacy
- Explain importance of complying with regulations
- Review government involvement in business
- Value regulatory compliance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Access e-Citizen website with teacher guidance
- Explore services offered
- Visit iTax platform
- Navigate Huduma Kenya website
- Discuss need to comply with government regulations
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Complete assessment activities
- Reflect on learning

How can we access e-Government services?
Why should businesses comply with government regulations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Computers/smartphones
- Internet connection
- E-Government platforms
- Navigation guide
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case scenarios
- Regulation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Navigation skills - Written reports
- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Discussions