Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of visual programming
- Identify application areas of visual programming
- Show interest in learning about visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on visual programming
- Discuss application areas of visual programming software
- Study pictures showing mobile and web applications
- Brainstorm on uses of visual programming

What is visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Pictures of applications
- Reference materials
- Smartphones/tablets
- Examples of mobile apps

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Research notes

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain game development using visual programming
- Describe educational tools created with visual programming
- Show interest in creating applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss game development and educational tools
- Study examples of games and educational software
- Learn about visual programming in robotics and animation
- Watch videos on application development

What are the application areas of visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Examples of games and educational tools

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Research presentation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Installing and familiarising with Scratch
Visual programming - Familiarising with Scratch

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Download and install Scratch program
- Identify features of Scratch interface
- Show willingness to learn visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Follow steps to download and install Scratch
- Open and explore Scratch interface
- Identify instruction area, script area, stage and execution buttons
- Click on categories to explore commands

How do you install and use Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers/laptops
- Internet connection
- Scratch software
- Installation guide
- Computers with Scratch installed
- Digital projector
- Practice activities
- Reference guide

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating a clicker game

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create a simple clicker game using Scratch
- Select appropriate backdrop and sprite
- Show creativity in game development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Choose backdrop and sprite for the game
- Create variable for score
- Drag and drop blocks to create script
- Test the game and make improvements

How can you create a clicker game in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Sample games
- Step-by-step guide

- Practical work - Observation - Portfolio - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating a clicker game
Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Make sprites move in random positions
- Make sprites change color
- Value problem-solving in programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create script to move balloon randomly
- Create script to change sprite color
- Add functionality to increase score when sprite is clicked
- Test and debug the game

How can sprites be programmed to move and change?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project files
- Debugging guide
- Assessment rubrics
- Internet access
- Video tutorials
- Storyboard templates

- Practical work - Observation - Problem-solving skills - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Flip character direction in stories
- Insert text for characters to say
- Appreciate the use of visual programming in storytelling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Position characters correctly using flip horizontal
- Insert conversation for each character using looks block
- Switch backdrops to show different parts of story
- Hide and show characters appropriately

How can characters interact in a Scratch story?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Sample stories
- Character sprites
- Backdrop images

- Practical work - Observation - Creativity assessment - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating music
Visual programming - Creating own interactive story

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create music using Scratch
- Use sound blocks effectively
- Show appreciation for digital music creation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Delete default sprite and choose musical instrument
- Create script to play sound
- Add drum beats using drum sprite
- Create beatbox sounds with microphone sprite

How can you create music in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Speakers/headphones
- Musical instrument sprites
- Sound library
- Flashcards for planning
- Story templates
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Observation - Audio output quality - Creativity

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating animations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create simple animations using Scratch
- Make sprites glide and move with arrow keys
- Show interest in animation development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Choose backdrop and character for animation
- Create script to make character fly
- Create script to move sprite with arrow keys
- Add scenery that moves
- Test and refine animation

How can you create animations in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Animation examples
- Sprite library
- Tutorial videos

- Practical work - Observation - Portfolio - Creativity assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Advanced animations
Visual programming - Exploring Scratch tutorials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create animations with multiple sprites
- Add scoring system to animations
- Appreciate complex programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add multiple sprites to animation
- Create scripts for sprite interactions
- Add score variable
- Make sprites respond to each other
- Debug and improve animation

How can multiple sprites interact in animations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Complex animation examples
- Debugging guide
- Assessment tools
- Internet access
- Tutorial guides
- Learning journal

- Practical work - Problem-solving - Portfolio - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Using visual programming in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how visual programming helps solve problems
- Identify applications of visual programming in daily life
- Embrace the use of visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study case scenario on using visual programming to solve problems
- Discuss how visual programming helps in daily life
- Identify ways to use visual programming skills
- Create educational games and learning tools

Why is visual programming important in day-to-day life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Case study materials
- Examples of educational games
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Practical examples

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Assessment project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create application to solve a problem
- Apply visual programming skills learned
- Demonstrate competence in visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify a problem that can be solved using visual programming
- Design application (game, story or animation)
- Develop application using Scratch
- Test application and make improvements
- Present application to class

How can you use visual programming to solve problems?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project planning templates
- Assessment rubrics
- Presentation tools

- Practical project - Presentations - Portfolio - Assessment rubrics

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification according to physical characteristics
Wood - Classification and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood as softwood or hardwood
- Identify physical characteristics of different wood types
- Show interest in learning about wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take a walk around school/community to identify trees
- Observe physical characteristics of each tree
- Use checklist to sort wood as softwood or hardwood
- Use print or digital media to search for types of wood

What are the types of wood available?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Wood samples
- Checklist
- Pictures of trees
- Comparison chart
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe methods of wood conversion
- Show interest in wood preparation processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a sawmill to observe wood conversion process
- Discuss the process of converting logs into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for conversion methods
- Study plain sawing and quarter sawing methods

Why are logs converted into timber?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Pictures of sawmills
- Diagrams showing conversion methods
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion methods
Wood - Preparation: Seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between plain sawing and quarter sawing
- Draw diagrams of conversion methods
- Value different wood preparation techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study diagrams of plain sawing method
- Study diagrams of quarter sawing method
- Discuss advantages of each method
- Draw images representing each conversion method

What are the methods of wood conversion?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Drawing paper
- Diagrams of conversion
- Wood samples showing different cuts
- Reference materials
- Pictures of air seasoning
- Pictures of kiln
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Practical work - Drawings - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Seasoning methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Compare natural and artificial seasoning
- Explain why wood needs to be seasoned
- Show understanding of wood preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss advantages of each seasoning method
- Learn how moisture is reduced in timber
- Study differences between air and kiln seasoning
- Visit relevant work environment to observe seasoning

Why is it necessary to season wood?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Comparison chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures of seasoning facilities
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Field observation - Charts

Materials for Production

Wood - Types and their uses
Wood - Uses in various trades

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate types of wood to their uses
- Explain uses of wood in different trades
- Value the importance of wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on uses of wood in the community
- Match wood types to their uses
- Study pictures showing items made of wood
- Discuss best wood types for different purposes

What are the uses of wood in the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of wood products
- Wood samples
- Matching activity cards
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Pictures from magazines
- Glue and scissors

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Importance in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of wood in daily life
- Discuss wood as renewable resource
- Show commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Name wooden items in environment
- Discuss importance of wood (fuel source, building material, decoration)
- Learn about carbon storage in wood
- Discuss sustainable use of wood

Why is wood important in our daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Wooden items
- Digital devices
- Environmental conservation posters
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Environmental awareness

Materials for Production

Wood - Review and assessment
Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood and explain preparation methods
- Relate wood types to their uses
- Demonstrate understanding of wood as material

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete crossword puzzle on wood
- Review key concepts on wood
- Discuss case scenarios on wood selection
- Reflect on learning progress

How is wood classified, prepared and used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Wood samples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Types of waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe plastic, wood, glass, metal, electronic and construction waste
- Explain characteristics of each waste type
- Appreciate the need for proper waste management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify waste materials in pictures (plastic, glass, metal, wood, electronic, construction)
- Discuss characteristics of each waste type
- Mention areas where each waste type is found
- Group waste materials by type

What are the types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Classification activity - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling
Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe ways of handling waste materials
- Explain reusing, recycling and composting
- Show commitment to proper waste handling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for safe handling methods
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, burn)
- Study pictures showing waste handling methods
- Read instructions on handling hazardous waste

How should waste materials be handled safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussions

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain composting organic waste
- Describe proper burning of waste
- Show understanding of waste reduction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about composting wood and organic waste into fertilizer
- Discuss safe burning of waste at high temperatures
- Discuss reducing waste by using resources efficiently
- Visit locality to observe waste handling practices

What are other methods of handling waste?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely
Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Practice safe disposal of waste materials
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Value cleanliness and environmental health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect waste materials from school compound wearing PPE
- Sort waste appropriately
- Dispose waste properly under teacher guidance
- Wash hands thoroughly after activity

How do you safely dispose of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Safety compliance

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify and classify waste materials
- Explain safe handling and disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review key concepts on waste materials
- Complete assessment activities
- Discuss case scenarios on waste management
- Reflect on learning progress

How should waste materials be handled in the environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Tools used in daily life
Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify holding tools used in daily life
- Describe uses of different holding tools
- Show interest in learning about tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of holding tools (pliers, clamps, tongs, clips, vice)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Draw and name holding tools
- Mention where tools are found in locality

What are holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of pliers, clamps, tongs, clips and vice
- Demonstrate understanding of tool applications
- Appreciate the importance of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing people using holding tools
- Discuss uses of different holding tools
- Watch video on use of holding tools
- Fill table matching tools to uses

What are the uses of different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use vice to hold wood while drilling
- Use tongs to hold hot materials
- Value precision when using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use vice to hold wood for drilling or cutting
- Use tongs to hold hot test tube or materials
- Use spanner to hold nut while tightening bolt
- Identify suitable tasks for each holding tool

How do you use vice, tongs and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools
Holding tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found

What are driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select driving tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study flashcards with tasks requiring driving tools
- Choose appropriate driving tool for each task
- Give reasons for tool selection
- Discuss nature of task and user safety

How do you select the right driving tool?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Task analysis - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools
Driving tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe use of driving tools
- Demonstrate safety practices
- Show commitment to tool safety

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Discuss safety measures when using driving tools
- Create skit demonstrating safe tool use
-

How are driving tools used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Clean and maintain driving tools
- Store tools properly
- Appreciate importance of tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care
- Clean residue from driving tools
- Check for loose parts and tighten them
- Store tools properly after use

How should driving tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Driving tools - Importance and assessment
Financial services - Financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of driving tools
- Complete crossword puzzle on tools
- Demonstrate understanding of driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of driving tools in daily life
- Complete crossword puzzle activity
- Review key concepts on driving tools
- Reflect on learning progress

Why are driving tools important in daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Driving tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Pictures of banks and SACCOs
- Financial institution brochures
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Classification of financial institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify financial institutions as banking or non-banking
- Explain differences between classifications
- Appreciate financial sector organization

- Study learner's presentation on classification
- Discuss banking financial institutions
- Discuss non-banking financial institutions
- Complete table describing each classification

How are financial institutions classified in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Classification chart
- Examples of institutions
- Digital devices
- Comparison table

- Written tests - Table completion - Oral questions - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Services offered
Financial services - Services by other institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain services offered by banks
- Describe banking services
- Value financial literacy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on services offered by banks
- Study case study on Mr. Mwakazi and his wife
- Discuss deposit acceptance, loans, money transfer
- Learn about investment and foreign exchange services

What services do banks offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Bank brochures
- Reference materials
- Presentation materials
- Service comparison chart
- Manila paper

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Discussions

Government and business

Reasons for government involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Ways of involvement
Government and business - Training and development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ways government gets involved in business
- Explain regulations, licensing and quality standards
- Value government oversight

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing government closing businesses
- Discuss regulations imposed on businesses
- Learn about licensing requirements
- Discuss quality standards enforcement

How does government get involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures showing enforcement
- Licensing examples
- Quality standards documents
- Digital devices
- Examples of training institutions
- Trade policy documents
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Identify types of taxes in Kenya
- Value tax payment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of public facilities
- Discuss meaning and importance of paying taxes
- Search for information on types of taxes
- Learn about income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What is tax and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital devices
- Tax information materials
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Research notes

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes continued
Government and business - e-Government services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain excise duty and PAYE
- Describe current tax rates
- Show understanding of taxation system

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss excise duty on specific goods
- Learn about Pay As You Earn (PAYE)
- Find out current rates of each tax type
- Complete word search on government and business

What are the different types of taxes in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Tax rate information
- Digital devices
- Word search puzzles
- KRA materials
- Case study materials
- E-Government platform access
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Word search completion - Oral questions - Research reports

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Accessing e-Government

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Access e-Government platforms
- Navigate e-Citizen and other platforms
- Show digital literacy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Access e-Citizen website with teacher guidance
- Explore services offered
- Visit iTax platform
- Navigate Huduma Kenya website

How can we access e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Computers/smartphones
- Internet connection
- E-Government platforms
- Navigation guide

- Practical work - Observation - Navigation skills - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Review and compliance
Business plan - Importance in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of complying with regulations
- Review government involvement in business
- Value regulatory compliance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss need to comply with government regulations
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Complete assessment activities
- Reflect on learning

Why should businesses comply with government regulations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case scenarios
- Regulation examples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Sample business plans
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Business plan - Components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify components of a business plan
- Explain executive summary and business description
- Appreciate business plan structure

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study chart showing business plan components
- Read case studies on business plan components
- Discuss executive summary and business description
- Study sample business plan sections

What are the components of a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Business plan samples
- Case study materials
- Chart of components
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Component identification