Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Application areas of visual programming software
Visual Programming - Introduction to Scratch programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the application areas of visual programming software in solving problems
- Identify uses of applications in daily life
- Appreciate the role of visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital device to search for uses of mobile applications and websites
- Study mobile phone screen with various applications
- Discuss application areas: games, animations, money transfer, robotics
- Identify problems solved by each application

How is visual programming used in solving day-to-day problems?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 48
- Digital device with internet
- Computer books
- Mobile phone showing applications
- Charts
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 50
- Computer with Scratch 3 installed
- Digital projector
- Exercise books
- Scratch interface guide

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 1) - Setting up backdrops and sprites
Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 2) - Adding code blocks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create and customize backdrops in Scratch
- Insert sprites for a story
- Show creativity in designing visual elements

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Start Scratch and save project as 'Greening the Environment'
- Select and customize backdrops (Desert, text backdrop)
- Insert sprites: Noor, Characters 1, Butterfly 1, Giraffe, Grasshopper
- Verify sprites and backdrops panes

How do we create backdrops and add sprites for a story in Scratch?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 51
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Step-by-step guide
- Examples of projects
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 52
- Coding blocks reference
- Examples of scripts

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 1) - Maze game setup
Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 2) - Programming sprite movement and collision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create a maze game backdrop
- Use drawing tools in Scratch
- Show creativity in game design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Start Scratch and save as 'The maze game', insert blue sky2 backdrop
- Use Rectangle tool to draw mazes (three vertical, two horizontal)
- Format mazes by removing outlines and arranging appropriately
- Add beetle sprite and set starting position

How do we create a maze game backdrop?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 54
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Game design examples
- Drawing tools guide
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 57
- Movement blocks guide
- Collision detection guide

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 3) - Adding game levels
Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 1) - Solar system setup

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create multiple game levels
- Design level progression backdrops
- Demonstrate advanced game design skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create backdrop2 for level two, backdrop3 with 'PROCEED TO LEVEL 2'
- Create backdrop4 with 'SORRY!! You LOST!!'
- Add blocks to beetle sprite to change levels and end game
- Test complete game and refine based on testing

How do we create multiple levels in a game?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 59
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Level design examples
- Testing checklist
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 61
- Computer with Scratch 3 and internet
- List of planet names
- Animation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Game evaluation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 2) - Programming planets (Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth)
Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 3) - Programming planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Add animation blocks to sprites
- Create orbital motion for planets
- Show precision in animation programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Sun sprite and add appropriate blocks to script pane
- Program Mercury's orbital motion
- Program Venus's orbital motion
- Program Earth's orbital motion and test animations

How do we program orbital motion for Sun and inner planets?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 62
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Orbital motion guide
- Animation examples
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 64
- Complete animation guide
- Solar system reference

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Testing and discussing programs
Visual Programming - Creating own application

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Test program functionality
- Explain what each code block does
- Demonstrate understanding of programming concepts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Test story, game and animation by clicking green flag
- Discuss what each block in script pane instructs sprites to do
- Explain orbital motions, movements and sprite behaviors
- Write down findings and present to class

How do code blocks control sprite behavior in programs?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 67
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Program analysis guide
- Assessment rubric
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 68
- Planning templates
- Project guidelines

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Advanced features and techniques
Visual Programming - Uses in day-to-day life and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explore advanced features in visual programming
- Create more complex programs
- Demonstrate mastery of visual programming concepts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Explore additional Scratch features (variables, operators, sensing)
- Create programs with more complex logic and interactions
- Add sound effects and advanced animations to projects
- Test and debug programs

What advanced features can we use in visual programming?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 69
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Advanced features guide
- Reference materials
- Assessment materials
- Digital devices
- QR code for digital exercise
- Examples of applications

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production
Materials for Production

Visual Programming - Project presentation and portfolio
Materials for Production - Types of wood
Materials for Production - Classification of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Present completed visual programming projects
- Create portfolio of programs developed
- Show confidence in demonstrating programming skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare presentations of created applications
- Present story, game and animation projects to class
- Compile portfolio of all visual programming work
- Receive feedback and reflect on learning

How do we present our visual programming projects?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 69
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Presentation materials
- Portfolio folder
- Assessment rubric
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood
- Reference materials
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood
- Exercise books

- Presentations - Portfolio - Peer assessment - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Density and grain patterns
Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Conversion
Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Seasoning
Materials for Production - Uses of hardwood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of density in wood
- Describe grain patterns in different types of wood
- Value the unique characteristics of different wood types

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss density and hardness differences between softwood and hardwood
- Examine grain patterns in various wood samples
- Compare texture of different wood types
- Observe and record grain pattern variations

Why do hardwoods and softwoods have different grain patterns?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 77
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Digital devices and internet
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion
- Charts showing conversion methods
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 78
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Diagrams of kiln and air drying
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Uses of softwood
Materials for Production - Importance of wood in day-to-day life
Materials for Production - Types of waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of softwood in different industries
- Explain why softwood is suitable for construction
- Show appreciation for the versatility of softwood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the uses of softwood in different trades
- Visit the locality to explore the uses of wood
- Discuss uses in construction, paper making, and packaging
- Create comparison table of softwood and hardwood uses

How is softwood used differently from hardwood?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 79
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses
- Case studies
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins
- Observation sheets

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste
Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste
- Create inventory of e-waste sources

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - The 3Rs
Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the 3Rs of waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
- Apply the 3Rs in handling waste materials
- Develop responsible waste management habits

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste materials
- Practice reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
- Search for information on the 3Rs using digital resources
- Create action plan for implementing 3Rs

How can we apply the 3Rs to manage waste effectively?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Written tests - Observation - Practical work

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Bio-digestion
Materials for Production - Recycling waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Calculate potential energy generation from bio-digestion

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management
Entrepreneurship - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Entrepreneurship - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Create awareness campaign on waste management

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 128
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Newspapers and business magazines
- Exercise books and pens
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 130
- Banking and insurance brochures
- Charts and reference materials

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Case study on financial services
Entrepreneurship - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development
Entrepreneurship - Reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyze services offered by financial institutions using case studies
- Relate financial services to entrepreneurial success
- Show understanding of practical application of financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about business journey and financial institution support
- Identify financial institutions and services that helped business succeed
- Discuss importance of services to business
- Share answers with classmates

How do financial services support entrepreneurial development?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 132
- Case study materials
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines
- Digital devices
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 136
- Business Studies textbooks
- Symbol for Competition Authority of Kenya
- Charts and digital resources
- Pictures of infrastructure projects

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussion participation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Ways in which government is involved in business activities
Entrepreneurship - Types of taxes in Kenya
Entrepreneurship - E-Government services in business
Entrepreneurship - Importance of complying with government regulations in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ways in which the government is involved in business
- Explain legislation, regulation and government investment in business
- Value government support for business development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use textbooks or digital devices to search for ways government is involved in business
- Discuss legislation, regulation, government investment, subsidies and training
- Examine promotion of industrialization, SMEs and Special Economic Zones
- Make notes and present findings

In which ways is the government involved in business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 138
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- E.P.Z symbol
- Charts and print media
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 140
- English dictionary
- Charts showing types of taxes
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 142
- Access to e-Citizen platform
- Case study materials
- Huduma Centre information
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 145
- Case studies on compliance
- Charts and digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Review and assessment (Government and Business)
Entrepreneurship - Meaning and importance of a business plan in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Apply knowledge of government involvement and taxes
- Demonstrate understanding of e-Government services and compliance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review reasons for government involvement and ways government is involved
- Discuss types of taxes and their importance
- Review e-Government services and compliance importance
- Complete assessment exercises

How does government involvement benefit businesses and the economy?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 146
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 148
- English dictionary
- Digital devices with internet
- Sample business plans

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation - Self-reflection

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Components of a business plan in financial management
Entrepreneurship - Analyzing a business plan example

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the components of a business plan in financial management
- Explain the purpose of each component
- Show understanding of the order of preparing components

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices or print media to search for components of business plan
- Describe each component: business description, product/service, market analysis, marketing plan
- Study management team, cost plan, financial projection and executive summary
- Write short notes and present to class

What are the components of a business plan?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 150
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Sample business plans
- Charts
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Example business plan
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and analysis guides

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Filling in a business plan template for a given business project
Entrepreneurship - Presenting and using a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Fill in a business plan template for a given business project
- Develop a complete business plan for own business idea
- Demonstrate ability to apply business planning knowledge

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think of a business idea and copy business plan template
- Complete all components: business description, product, market analysis, marketing plan
- Fill in management plan, cost plan and financial projections
- Review and refine complete business plan

How do we create a business plan for our own business idea?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Business plan template
- Exercise books and pens
- Calculators
- Sample business plans
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Completed business plans
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Review and assessment (Business Plan)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Review key concepts on business planning
- Apply knowledge of business plan components
- Demonstrate understanding of business plan development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Review business plan importance and components
- Discuss key elements of successful business plans
- Complete assessment exercises on business planning
- Reflect on learning and future entrepreneurial ventures

How do we use a business plan in entrepreneurship?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- QR code for digital exercise
- Charts and summaries

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Digital exercise